For much of Europe’s modern energy history, stability was assessed locally. If electricity prices were calm, the power system was considered healthy. If gas storage was full, supply security was assumed. If oil markets were well supplied, energy risk appeared contained. These indicators worked in a world where markets were loosely connected and shocks propagated […]

For decades, Europe’s energy debate was organised around sectors. Electricity policy was discussed in terms of generation mix and grid stability. Gas was treated as a supply-security problem, shaped by contracts, pipelines, and storage levels. Oil belonged to a different universe altogether, dominated by geopolitics, shipping routes, and global benchmarks. Each sector had its own

For most of the past three decades, Europe treated electricity, natural gas, and oil as adjacent but fundamentally separate markets. They were regulated differently, traded on different venues, analysed by different specialist desks, and governed by distinct political narratives. Power was about grids and marginal cost pricing, gas about long-term contracts and seasonal balance, oil